When it comes to choosing the ideal steel for folding and pocket knives, there are a variety of factors that come into play, including corrosion resistance, hardness, toughness, edge retention, and price. Each steel type offers a different combination of these characteristics, which makes certain options better suited to specific uses and budgets. To help guide your decision-making, here's a ranking of the top 10 steels* for folding knives, factoring in these essential attributes.
1. CPM S90V
CPM S90V is often regarded as one of the best steels for high-performance folding knives. Known for its incredible edge retention and high corrosion resistance, this steel is ideal for users who prioritize long-lasting sharpness. The high vanadium content in S90V increases wear resistance, making it a top choice for knives that need to stay sharp under heavy use. However, this comes at a cost, as S90V is tougher to sharpen than some other steels. While it is excellent for keeping an edge for long periods, its toughness is moderate, meaning it may be more prone to chipping under extreme stress. Despite these drawbacks, the performance in terms of corrosion resistance and edge retention justifies its position as the top choice for many knife enthusiasts. The main downside is its high price point, making it a luxury option for those willing to invest in top-tier materials.
2. M390
M390 is another premium steel, renowned for its exceptional corrosion resistance and edge retention. This steel is a favorite in high-end folding knives due to its combination of stainless steel properties with excellent wear resistance, which contributes to its longevity in the field. Like S90V, M390 is a hard steel, typically achieving a hardness range of 60-62 HRC. Its edge retention is superb, and its resistance to rust and corrosion makes it ideal for knives that may be exposed to water or moisture. However, it shares a similar downside with S90V in that it is challenging to sharpen. The high price tag is another factor to consider, but for those seeking top-of-the-line performance, M390 is one of the best steels on the market.
3. CTS-204P
CTS-204P is often compared to M390, as it offers nearly identical properties in terms of corrosion resistance, edge retention, and overall performance. Made by Carpenter Steel, it is known for its high chromium content, which enhances its resistance to rust and wear. CTS-204P provides outstanding wear resistance, keeping an edge sharp for extended periods of use, and its toughness is slightly superior to M390, making it less prone to chipping. This steel also holds its hardness well, ranging from 60-62 HRC, making it suitable for heavy-duty cutting tasks. While CTS-204P is slightly more affordable than M390, it still falls within the high-end price category, limiting its accessibility to those with higher budgets.
4. S35VN
S35VN is often regarded as one of the best all-around steels for folding knives. It offers a balanced combination of excellent toughness, good edge retention, and high corrosion resistance. The addition of niobium to S35VN improves its toughness and makes it more durable under stress compared to its predecessor, S30V. While it doesn’t quite match the edge retention of M390 or S90V, S35VN strikes a perfect balance for those seeking a steel that is both durable and easier to sharpen. Its corrosion resistance is excellent, making it an ideal choice for EDC (Everyday Carry) knives that may face varying environmental conditions. Price-wise, S35VN falls into the moderate to high range, but its combination of features makes it a worthwhile investment for most users.
5. Elmax
Elmax steel is a high-performance option that combines outstanding corrosion resistance with excellent edge retention. Its high chromium content allows it to maintain sharpness for extended periods while resisting rust and corrosion. With a hardness range of 59-61 HRC, Elmax offers a balance of toughness and cutting performance that is hard to beat. However, like M390, Elmax can be a bit more challenging to sharpen, and its price can be on the higher side. Despite this, Elmax is a popular choice for custom and premium production knives, offering a reliable steel that works well in a variety of cutting tasks, from light EDC use to more demanding fieldwork.
6. VG-10
VG-10 is a Japanese stainless steel that has gained widespread popularity in mid-range folding knives due to its excellent balance of performance characteristics. It offers good corrosion resistance and edge retention, and while it doesn’t quite measure up to the high-end steels like S90V or M390, it still holds an edge well for regular use. VG-10 typically achieves a hardness of around 59-61 HRC, providing a good combination of toughness and wear resistance. One of VG-10’s biggest strengths is its relatively easier sharpening process compared to harder steels, which is beneficial for users who value convenience. Additionally, VG-10 offers an affordable price point, making it a solid choice for budget-conscious buyers without sacrificing too much in terms of performance.
7. 154CM
154CM is another great option for those seeking good performance at a more affordable price point. It offers a good combination of toughness, edge retention, and corrosion resistance. While not as corrosion-resistant as steels like M390 or S90V, 154CM’s resistance is still quite good. With a hardness range of 58-61 HRC, it holds an edge fairly well but is easier to sharpen than many of the high-performance steels. 154CM is often found in mid-range folding knives and offers an excellent balance of value and performance, making it a popular choice for those who want a solid, reliable knife without the premium price.
8. D2
D2 is a tool steel that is well-regarded for its excellent edge retention and toughness. While it doesn’t boast the corrosion resistance of many stainless steels, its resistance to wear is outstanding, making it a good choice for knives that are used in rugged environments. D2 typically has a hardness of 59-61 HRC, providing good cutting performance and durability. However, its moderate corrosion resistance means it requires more maintenance than stainless steels, particularly when exposed to moisture. Despite its lower corrosion resistance, D2 remains a popular choice for affordable, hard-use knives due to its overall toughness and edge retention.
9. AUS-10
AUS-10 is a Japanese steel that is often used in budget to mid-range folding knives. It offers a solid balance of corrosion resistance, toughness, and edge retention, though it doesn’t perform at the same level as more premium steels. With a hardness of around 58-60 HRC, AUS-10 is a good steel for everyday carry knives that need to stand up to daily tasks. While it doesn’t hold an edge as long as some higher-end steels, its ease of sharpening and affordable price make it a solid choice for users who need a functional knife without breaking the bank.
10. 8Cr13MoV
8Cr13MoV is one of the most common budget steels used in entry-level folding knives. It offers a good balance of corrosion resistance, toughness, and edge retention, though its performance falls short compared to more premium steels. With a hardness range of 58-60 HRC, 8Cr13MoV is not as tough or wear-resistant as steels like D2 or VG-10, but it performs adequately for light use. The biggest advantage of 8Cr13MoV is its affordability, making it a great option for those just starting to explore folding knives or those who don’t need a high-performance steel for everyday tasks.
Conclusion
Choosing the right steel for your folding knife comes down to balancing your needs with your budget. Premium steels like CPM S90V, M390, and CTS-204P offer exceptional performance in terms of edge retention and corrosion resistance but come at a higher price. For those seeking a good balance of features and value, S35VN, Elmax, and VG-10 offer great performance at a moderate cost. 154CM and D2 are excellent options for budget-conscious buyers who still need good edge retention and toughness. Finally, steels like AUS-10 and 8Cr13MoV provide solid performance for entry-level knives, offering good corrosion resistance and ease of sharpening at an affordable price.
Each steel brings something unique to the table, so your choice will depend on your specific needs—whether you prioritize durability, ease of maintenance, or a balanced all-around performer.
* Without even going into some of the rarer knife steels, the fact this list doesn't include Magnacut or Vanax is criminal. ChatGPT has failed miserably here.